ממ"ן 14
הקורס: מוסר ועסקים 10523
תחום העבודה: החברה מול לקוחותיה.
נושא: פגיעה בבריאות הציבור על ידי פרסום סיגריות.
שאלת המחקר: כיצד הטלת מגבלות על פרסום סיגריות מושפעת מההכרח להיות מוסרי בעסקים?
משתנה בלתי תלוי: ההכרח להיות מוסרי בעסקים (או התביעה למוסר בעסקים).
משתנה תלוי: הטלת מגבלות על פרסום סיגריות.
רשימה ביבליוגרפית:
1) Klein G Elizabeth, Jones-Webb J Rhonda, Zwarun Lara (2007). Tobacco and Alcohol advertising in televised sports: Time to focus on policy change/ Zwarun responds. American journal of public health. volume 97, number 2, pages
1 98-199. Abstract:
The surgeon general and others have described the connection between policy and behavior change and recommend policies as a behavior change strategy.7-9 International tobacco marketing standards stipulate that tobacco ads should not be of particular appeal to youth or be shown at events with more than
5 % young viewers10; the alcohol industry marketing code prohibits ads intended to appeal to youths.
2 ) Zwarun Lara (2006). Ten years and
1 master settlement agreement later: the nature and frequency of alcohol and tobacco promotion in televised sports, 2000 through 2002. American journal of public health. volume 96, number 8, pages 1492-1497.
Abstract:
I sought to identify what kinds of promotion for alcohol and tobacco products are found in televised sports programming, as well as how frequently they occur. I compared my findings with data from 5 and 10 years earlier to examine the effects of the Master Settlement Agreement and detect industry trends. A content analysis of more than 83 hours of televised sports programming from
2 000 through 2002 was conducted. Composite week sampling was used to ensure results were representative of the overall population of television sports programs. Programs were examined for traditional advertising (commercials) and nontraditional advertising (stadium signs, announcer voiceovers, etc.). Rates of certain types of alcohol advertising have decreased, but what remains is strategically chosen to increase the likelihood of audience exposure. Despite the Master Settlement Agreement, tobacco advertising remains prevalent in many sports. A new trend of placing alcohol and tobacco brand names in commercials for other products is evident. Alcohol and tobacco marketers appear able to cleverly adapt to advertising challenges, such as digital video recorders and legislation. Alcohol and tobacco brands remain visible on sports programming.
3) Brown Abraham, Hyland J Andrew, Kasza A Karin, Siahpush Mohammad (2011). The effectiveness of tobacco marketing regulations on reducing smokers’ exposure to advertising and promotion: findings from the international tobacco control (ITC) four country survey. International journal of environmental research and public health.
volume 8, number 2, pages 321-341.
Abstract:
Exposure to tobacco product marketing promotes the initiation, continuation, and reuptake of cigarette smoking and as a result the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) has called upon member Parties to enact comprehensive bans on tobacco advertising and promotion.
This study examines the immediate and long term effectiveness of advertising restrictions enacted in different countries on exposure to different forms of product marketing, and examines differences in exposure across different socioeconomic status (SES) groups. Nationally representative data from the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and the United States, collected from adult smokers between 2002 and 2008 using the International Tobacco Control Four Country Survey (ITC-4), were used in this study (N = 21,615). In light of the specific marketing regulation changes that occurred during the course of this study period, changes in awareness of tobacco marketing via various channels were assessed for each country, and for different SES groups within countries. Tobacco marketing regulations, once implemented, were associated with significant reductions in smokers' reported awareness of pro-smoking cues, and the observed reductions were greatest immediately following the enactment of regulations. Changes in reported awareness were generally the same across different SES groups, although some exceptions were noted. While tobacco marketing regulations have been effective in reducing exposure to certain types of product marketing there still remain gaps, especially with regard to in-store marketing and price promotions.
4) Hoek Janet, Sparks Robert (2000). Tobacco promotion restrictions- an international regulatory impasse? international marketing review. Volume 17, number 3, pages 216-226.
Abstract:
The promotion of tobacco products has received detailed attention. However, this research has focused on the effects of tobacco advertising or sponsorship and how restrictions on promotion activities affect demand. By contrast, comparatively few studies have examined the regulatory implications of variations in the guidelines or statutes governing tobacco promotions. In this paper, the issues arising from inconsistencies in international tobacco promotion regulations and the proposals designed to address these are analyzed.
It is concluded that because the development and application of consistent regulations infringes on the economic interests and traditions of civil liberties in some nations, the prospects for implementing internationally adhered to protocols is gloomy. A more practical solution may be to control the conditions of sale of tobacco products as these are more readily circumscribed by domestic regulation.
5) Bayer Ronald (2002). Tobacco, commercial speech and libertarian values: the end of the line for restrictions on advertising? American journal of public health. Volume 92, number 3, pages 356-360. Abstract:
In June of
2 001, the Supreme Court overturned a set of anti-tobacco measures adopted by the state of Massachusetts designed to protect young people from advertising.
Once again, the court expressed its hostility toward measures designed to restrict commercial speech in the name of the social good.